15.OECD: Employment in Social Services in Europe, United States and Japan. Euro-American Association Report 2010.

 Countries: Mexico, Spain, Italy, France, Germany, UK, USA, Japan, Finland and Switzerland

This graph shows the number of employed persons per 1000 inhabitants in services related with Education, Health, Public Administration and Other Social and Personal Services, in 10 OECD countries in year 2005:

We may notice that  in a first stage, with the lowest values, are Mexico, Spain and Italy. A second stage correspond to France and Germany, while a third stage correspond to the United Kingdom, the United States, Finland and Switzerland which are in a higher level. Finally Japan shows the top position of this group of 10 OECD countries.
The number of employed persons varies from less than 100 per thousand people in Mexico to more than 200 in Japan, with an intremediate position around 150 in the UK, the USA, Finland and Switzerland.
It is important to notice that a high number of people in social services, and the quality of their work, is of uppermost importance for social wellbeing and development.

14. Europe: Universities, RD expenditure and Reactions to abuses and misuses of bibliometrics and bureaucracy, in evaluation of researchers

Source: Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies. Report 2010.

Entry 14 by Maria-Carmen Guisan, Professor of Econometrics, Spain

Some important challenges of European Union are to foster reasearch on development in its space and also improve international cooperation for research and development

Our main conclusion in this regard is that the European Union should improve channels of communication with researchers interested in these questions, instead of stress them with an overwhelming and unnecessary bureaucratic rules.



This graph presents a comparison of expenditure in Research and Development in several European Countries (Germany: De, France: Fr, Finland: Fi and Spain: Es) in comparison with the United States: USA, and Japan: Jp. France values represent the average of former UE15 countries, with the United Kingdom very alike and Italy below although higher than Spain.

In many European countries, university researchers not only receive less financial support for research but also, in several countries, experience more difficulties than in the USA in research evaluations due to abuses and misuses of bibliometric criteria for evaluaton. Bibliometrics may be used, among other criteria, for international comparisons of countries and even in some degree, of course together with other suplementary criteria, at university level. As stated by Anthony Van Kaan, Director of the Centre for Science and Technology Studies at Leiden University (Netherlands): "If there is one thing that every bibliometrician agrees, it is that you should never use the journal impact factor to evaluate research performance for an article or for an individual - that is a mortal sin".

See Nature nº 465 of June 2010 at:

http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100616/full/465864a.html

Unfortunately in some countries bureaucrats of Evalution Committes are not so wise as Anthony Van Kaan expects, and there are abuses and misuses of bibliometrics.

We will include here some important reactions that have arisen in Europe against the abuses and misuses of bibliometric rigidity in evaluations. To avoid those unfair abuses and misuses is goods news not only for European researchers but also for other countries where university researhcers are also suffering this kind of abuses. There are also other beneficial effects of avoiding unfair practices in European bureaucracies: a good policy of support to researchers in Economics, Social Sciences and other areas will have a clear positive effect on European cooperation to developing countries.

Problems and perspectives of support to researchers in Europe:

Problem 1) Only a few European countries provide enough financial support without unnecesary bureaucratic barriers to researchers. It is important to foster activities of tearchers unions and associations in countries with very low level of support to researchers, like Spain, in order to achieve higher levels of support from Government and public institutions. Improvements requiere not only to increase financial support but also diminish bureaucratic barriers with obscure and unfair rules which are time-consuming and do not help to many good researchers. A net of European researchers associations good be a positive support in this regard, accordingly to the positive experience of the National Tearchers Association and other organizations in the United States.

Problem 2) The Commission of the European Union has been until now (June of 2010) too much bureacratic and less effective to foster EU research. EU Commision suffers in many regards "euro-sclerosis" a kind of bureaucratic illness, which is a barrier that does not help to foster university research in many fields. Although in technology and some experimental sciences there are some fortunate teams which have reached support form EU a serious criticism is that EU rarely supports European communication in socio-economics and other ares of great importance not only for European development but also to improve international cooperation with developing countries. Universities and academic Associations do not receive almost any support for multilingual publications in the most spoken languages of Europe. It is a great news to know that some universities have signed in year 2009 an agreement to foster an European University Press addressed to increase readership in several countries of some of the main publications of European universities. It should be interesting to see if the EU authorities support this and other interesting initiatives from private or public organizations in this regard.

Reactions against this illness: As seen in ForoUnives2010 (entry in English) more than 13000 European researchers have signed the Manifesto "Trust in Researchers" in order to request a diminution of the overwhelming amount of bureaucratic and time-consuming barriers to European funding that researchers find every year. For the moment we have got a positive promise from European Union Commission. Now we are waiting for real changes in this regards.

Many researchers think that it is good news the promise of alleviate this bureaucratic barriers by EU Commissiariat of Science as seen in Nature of 15th June of 2010:

"Mr Smit goes to Brussels. Enthusiastic welcome for new European research chief".

For the moment it seems good news for natural and experimental sciences. We will be glad to report in the future if new EU policies also increase support to Social Sciencies and Humanities.

Problem 3) Abuse and misuse of bibliometrics for research evaluation in several EU countries. We report here the situation in several countries against the unfair bureaucratic movement addressed to impose bibliometrics as a mechanic system of research evaluation

Spain: Thousands of researchers have signed a Manifesto in Spain against the unfair procedures of the Ministry of Education during the period 1989-2010, and particularly since 1994, when they imposed bibliometric misuse on Economics and Other Social Sciences, and other unfair procedures on the individual evaluation of researchers in the "six-years evaluation" of activity known as "Sexenios". The problem is not yet solved by the Ministry of Education, in spite of support to several pleas of the Manifesto by the Senate of Spain, Commission of University Rectors and other institutions, Associations, Trade Unions and other social forces for the period 1994-2010.

Updated 14th November 2010: A good news is that a Committee of Univesity Rectors related with Economics and Business studies (CR8) has reached an agreement by unanimity with the Committe of Deans of Spanishs Faculties of Economics and Business to present to the Ministry of Education, Angel Gabilondo, a proposal of new criteria for evaluation of researchers more realistic and which is expected to give more support to good researchers. We are waiting for new more fair rules from the Ministry. We expect to inform here if in the future we get good news in this regard. More information in Spanish at ForoUnives 2010.

UK: It is remarkable the positive reaction of the Parliament of Great Britain in order to avoid bibliometric abuses in the Research Assessment Exercices as seen in the Tenth Report of year 2004 by the Select Committe on Science and Tecnololgy. Regarding the right criticisms against bibliometrics abuses in the Social Sciences it is interesting to mention the positive impact of articles by Claire Donovan, as those published in academic journals and in the Times Higher Education (THE).

Germany:

France

Other European countries:

This entry will be soon updated.

Links to other Website with interesting information on abuse and misuse of bibliometrics:

August 12, 2008. "The Use And Misuse Of Bibliometric Indices In Evaluating Scholarly Performance" http://zzzoot.blogspot.com/2008/08/use-and-misuse-of-bibliometric-indices.html

13. Spanish economy: Comments on Krugman´s views. Salaries are not to blame and should not diminish. Productivity should increase.

Source: Elaboration by Guisan(2009), from OECD National Accounts,  in EEDI Report Vol. 9-2.

Entry 13 by Maria-Carmen Guisan, Professor of Econometrics, Spain

This graph shows the evolution of labor costs in Spain, and show hat they are not the cause of the Spanish economic mess. The ratio labor cost/average productivity of labor  has increased in Spain in the last years, but not as a consequence of increases in labor cost but due to the diminution of productivity.

Krugman´s views: We do not agree with the Krugman´s recommendation of diminution of wages in Spain, although we agree with him that the Spanish economy is in a mess. This is a kind of mess related with lack of support to industry. In spite of that Spain economy could have a good evolution in the next years if the country gets a good economic policy. I 

Some links to Krugman articles and comments by readers are the following ones:

New York Times 10-02-09

New York Times 10-02-06

New York Times 09-01-19

An interesting analysis of the higher levels of productiviy and rates of employment in the United States, in comparison with European Union, is presented in the article by Guisan and Cancelo(2006) in the journal AEID, which is free downloadable. The conclusion, in section 5 of the article, are the following ones:

"5. European labour policies: suggestions and conclusionsThe lower rates of employment and wages in EU in comparison with the USA are due to  lower levels of industrial and non-industrial real value-added per inhabitant. Wages are not to be blamed as the cause of unemployment in EU countries, but the lack of policies to foster industrial development, research, education and other variables which explain the higher levels of the USA in comparison in Europe. It is clear that economic policies in the USA are more focused, than in the whole of the European Union, to the increase of real Gdp per inhabitant and employment. The successful development of those policies in Europe should imply more dialogue between policy makers and the European society, including economics researchers. Unfortunately thee Euro-sclerosis in the bureaucracies of some EU institutions have led to increase the distance between political parties and society... More industrial and regional development, less taxes on labour, and more support to education and scientific research in all the EU countries are convenient to diminish unemployment and stagnation and to reach real convergence with the USA regarding the increase of real wages and rates of employment at the same time."

These recommendations are of particular interest for Spain because industrial development and investment per capita is lower than in more adavanced European countries. It should be desirable more opportunities for economics researchers, who have something to say related with these questions, to present their opinions in the newspapers and other communication media.

Main page of the Blog: http://euroamericanassociation.blogspot.com

12.2. Journal IJAEQS: International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies

 

This Entry presents a summary of contributions of journal IJAEQS, which published 100 articles for the period 2004-2009, with high popularity by the number of downloads per item, being in among top 7 journals of the World, at Ideas.Repec.

Top 100 Journal Articles by Total File Downloads

Rank Title and Authors                                                                               Total Downloads

---

1	Unit-Root, Cointegration and Granger Causality Test Results for Export and Growth in OECD Countries Laszlo Konya	3,585
2	Oil Price Shocks and Emerging Stock Markets: A Generalized VAR Approach, Aktham Maghyereh	1,520
3	Russian Financial Crisis of 1998: An Econometric Investigation, Mete Feridun	1,483
4	The Eficiency Effects of Bank Mergers and Acquisitions in a Developing Economy: Evidence from Malaysia Fadzlan Sufian	1,364
5	Granger-Causality Between Inflation, Money Growth, Currency Devaluation and Economic Growth in Indonesia, 1951-2002, Akhand Hossain	1,173
6	Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange Rate Volatility in Nigeria, Tokunbo Osinubi and Lloyd Amaghionyeodiwe	851
7	Does Inflation Harm Economic Growth in Jordan?. An Econometric Analysis for the Period 1970-2000 Osama Sweidan,	813
8	Real Economic Convergence in the EU Accession Countries, Z. Matkowski and Mariusz Próchniak	714
9	Estimating Human and Physical Capital Stocks in Data-Scarce Environments: A Methodological Note and Application to Guatemala, Josef Loening	673
10	Forecasting the UK Unemployment Rate: Model Comparisons, Christos Floros	666
11	Dynamic Models in Econometrics: Classification, Selection and the Role of Stock Variables in Economic Development Maria-Carmen Guisan	661
12	East Asian Financial Crisis Revisited: An Econometric Analysis, 1981-2001, M. Feridun	635
13	Exchange Rate Volatility and Trade: A Literature Survey Ilhan Ozturk	632
14	Dynamic Relations Between Macroeconomic Factors and the Jordanian Stock Market, A.A. Al-Sharkas	613
15	Foreign Direct Investment – Growht Nexus: A Review of The Recent Literature, Ilhan Ozturk	593
16	Sources of Inflation in Iran: An application of the ARDL Approach, Mosayeb Pahlavani and Mohammad Rahimi	584
17	The Relationship Between Wages and Productivity: TAR Unit Root and TAR Cointegration Approach Melike Bildirici and Elçin Aykaç Alp	557
18	Health Care Expenditures in OECD Countries: A Panel Unit Root and Cointegration Analysis Christian Dreger and Hans-Eggert Reimers	550
19	Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Sweden: A Leveraged Bootstrap Approach, 1965-2000 Abdulnasser Hatemi-J and M. Irandoust	522
20	Forecasting Inflation in Developing Economies: The Case of Nigeria, 1986-1998, M. Feridun and M.A. Adebiyi	519
21	Does inmigration have an impact on economic development and unemployment?. Empirical evidence from Finland(1981-2001), M. Feridun	517
22	THE METHOD OF SIMULATED MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD FOR THE ESTIMATON OF DYNAMIC ORDERED PROBIT: AN APPLICATION TO COUNTRY-RISK FOR NON-DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, Mariano Gonzalez Sanchez and R. Minguez	481
23	Labour Productivity in the European Union and Comparison with the USA, 1979-2001, George M. Korres, Dionysios Chionis and Constantinos Tsamadias	470
24	Efficiency and Profitability in Thailand’s Life Insurance Industry: A Cost Frontier Function and Hausman test, 1997-2002, Mohd Karim and Ch. Jhantasana	469
25	Health Expenditure, Poverty and Economic Development in Latin America 2000-2005, Maria-Carmen Guisan and Eva Aguayo	465

Journal IJAEQS was launched by the Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies as a complement to AEID (Applied Econometrics and International Development), with main focus on methdological questions of Applied Econometrics, particularly on causality tests and other related questions. It got a great success among authors and readers, but unfortunately it did not get institucional subscriptions and financial support to keep it going on. After the publication of 100 interesting articles from all over the World, we decide to stop publication of IJAEQS and to concentrate the editorial team of our Association in a lower number of journals.

IJAEQS is included at Ideas-Repec

Update of 22nd August of 2026: Articles in pdf format were hosted at the server of the Computer Services of our university until 4th May of 2026, when changes in those Services broken the PHP link with Ideas.Repec. In August of 2026, only the Index and Abstracts may be found at Ideas.Repec, although we are trying to get a solution and recover links with Ideas.Repec and we schedulet to include new honsting of article at Dialnet. Those  solutions will be announced at Entry 65 of this Blogs. 

The Editor of this Blog, Professor Maria-Carmen Guisan, has developed a wide editorial work as Editor and coordinator of several international journals, as well as a member of the Editorial Board of reviewe of other international journals.

12.1, Euro-American Association on Education and Government Quality: Clerc´s story of a frog against social manipulation

Entry 12 by Maria-Carmen Guisan, Professor of Econometrics, Spain

Broken links to videos. To update in November of 2023

Readers may see the video in English in this entry or by clicking here. To see an interview in English to the author of the "story of a frog", the philosopher from Switzeralnd, Olivier Clerc, click here. There are other versions in  French, Spanish and Italian.

In entry 13 of our Spanish Blog there is also a link to a nice and interesting video on "Education in Finland", explaining how the educational level of population usually contributes to increase the quality of government, selection of advisors and voice of citizens  In the right column of that blog there are links to several videos related with economic development and quality of life.

The Video of the  "Story of a Frog" tell us about the importance of Citizens Voice in Government Quality. Education usually contributes to foster Citizens Voice and Government Effectiveness. Econometrics research also shows those positive effects. Educated population has an important role to avoid manipulation of public opinion and to foster good quality of life for all.
Home of the Blog: http://euroamericanassociation.blogspot.com/

11. Report 2009: Years of Life Lost and Health Expenditure in the United States, Europe and other OECD countries. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies

We hope that controversies around Health assistance organization in the USA will achieve enough social agreement in order to allow all the populaltion to benefit from a good and affordable health assistance at least in the same degree that it happens in the major countries of Western Europe and other industrialized countries. It does not mean necessarity that public systems will substitute private health assistance, because each country may decide a mix of both public and private systems to operate in order to offer a good system to all the population.

In the interesting survey: "Education, Health and Economic Development: A Survey of Quantitative Economic Studies, 2001-2009, by Guisan, M.C. (2009)", published in our journal RSES Vol. 9-2, we analyze the relationship between "health expenditure per capita" and Years of Potential Life Lost. The article is free downloadable (clicking on the title to go to the Abstract page, and then on "download" within that page).

Graph 3. YPLLF (or PYLLF): Years of potential life lost per 100 thousand female population and Health expenditure per capita in OECD countries year 2005

Source: Elaborated by Guisan(2009) from OECD, WHO and WDI atistics. Health Expenditure per capita is expressed in dollars at 2005 prices and Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs).

Graph 4. YPLLM (o PYLLM): Years of potential life lost per 100 thousand male population and Health expenditure per capita in OECD countries, year 2005

Source: Elaborated by Guisan(2009) from OECD, WHO and WDI statistics Health expenditure per capita in Dollars at 2005 prices and Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs).

Entry 11 by Maria-Carmen Guisan, Professor of Econometrics, Spain

Potential Years of Life Lost, PYLL (also know as YPLL: Years of Potential Life Lost) is measured by the number of years of life lost by people who died below 70 years old, per each 100 thousand inhabitants), PYLLF refers to female population and PYLLM to male population. This variable usually diminish when health expenditure per capita increases, although other factors are also important to lower the level of this prematural deaths, such as those related with the facilities to use health assistance services, if necessary, by all the population in all the geographical and social areas of the country, and other ones related with other risks that experience population such as risky jobs, health habits of life, and other ones.

We notice that several factors, such as risky jobs and activities among other ones, play an important role to explain the big differences between PYLLM and PYLLF, as in all the analysed countries PYLLM was substantially higher than PYLLF. It is striking to notice that the United States has the highest value of health expenditure per head but much higher values of PYLLF and PYLLM than those which should correspond to the degree of expenditure and quality of health assistance. Accordingly to recent reports on health assitance improvements it is clearly desirable that the USA may reach lower values of PYLLM and PYLLF in the next years.

Education has generally a highly positive impact on real production per capita, and real production usually help to increase the level of health expenditure per head. The increase of health expenditure per capita usually leads, with proper organization, to clear increases in health welfare and to clear diminutions of potential years of life lost. It is good news the current reforms aimed to increase coverage of health insurance to many millions of Northamerican citizens who did not enjoy this important service until now.

Home of the Blog: http://euroamericanassociation.blogspot.com/

10. Report 2009: On Spain, the United States, Trade Deficits and top Current Account Balances. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies

Graph 2: Current Account Balance per capita in top 18 countries with highest balance deficits. Source: Euro-American Asoc of Eco. Dev. Studies, elaborated from international sources. Development Report August 2009.

Note The order of the countries in graph 2 is the same of graph 1 (see list below).

Graph 1: Top Current Account Balances of the World (Bn dollars: thousand millions in 2008): 18 countries with highest superavit and 18 countries with highest deficits.

Source: Euro-American Asoc of Eco. Dev. Studies from international sources. Devalopment Report August 2009 http://euroamericanassociation.blogspot.com/Source: Euro-American Asoc of Eco. Dev. Studies from international sources. Devalopment Report August 2009 http://euroamericanassociation.blogspot.com/

Entry 10 by Maria-Carmen Guisan, Professor of Econometrics, Spain

Comments to Graph 2. The higher deficits per inhabitant (Current Account Balance per capita below -3000 dollars per inhabitant) corresponds to country number 2 (Spain) and number 9 (Greece). The degree of deficit per head is lower than 2000 dollars in a great majority (14 out of 18 top total deficit countries), including the case of the United States. It is much higher in the cases of Spain and Greece, with more than 3000 dollars of deficit per capita, what is a problem, having into account that those countries have a low degree of industrial development and they should foster industry for sustaineable development of other production sectors. Countries by total deficit in graph 2 appear in the same order than the countrydeficit countries of graph 1.

Comments to Graph 1: The 18 highest Current Account Balance Deficits of the World in year 2008 (negative values in red in Graph 1), correspond to: 1. the United States, 2. Spain, 3. the United Kingdom , 4. Italy , 5. France, 6.Turkey, 7. Australia, 8. India, 9. Greece, 10. Poland, 11. Romania, 12. Brazil, 13. Portugal, 14. South Africa, 15. Ukraine, 16. Mexico, 17. Vietnam and 18.  Bulgaria, while the 18 highest Current Account Balance superavits (positive values in blue in Graph 1) in the same year correspond to: 1. China, 2. Germany, 3. Japan, 4. Saudi Arabia, 5. Russia, 6. Norway, 7. Kuwait, 8. Venezuela, 9. the Netherlands, 10. Libya, 11. Switzerland, 12. United Arab Emirates, 13. Algeria, 14. Sweden, 15. Singapore, 16. Iran, 17. Malaysia and 18. Taiwan.

Causes and consequences of deficits and superavits:

Superavit in some cases correspond to oil exports and in other cases to countries interested in diminishing their international debt or interested in investment abroad in order to increase economic returs and development. Superavits are usually good for a country if the returns from this superavits, usually invested abroad, have direct and/or indirect positive effects on domestic economic development as it usually happens.

Balance deficits respond to different types of situations and have different effects on economic development:

1) Countries highly industrialized, which are attractive and open to foreing investment in domestic markets in order to foster Imports capacity and production in some economic sectors. Correspond to this group the United States, the United Kingdom and France. The effect is usually positive. In this cases foreign resources are supplementary of domestic resources and usually positive.

2) Countries of middle level of industrialization, which do not foster enough industrial growth and develop economic policies addressed to increase international debt in order to finance Imports and foster building and services activities. In these cases, such as Spain in the period 2004-2008, and at a less extent before 2004, foreign resources are used ad substitutes of domestic industrialization and have short run positive effects but this police may lead to long run negative effects it is not accompanied by increase in industrialization and good conditions of international debt (low cost, sustainability, stability and other ones).

3) Countries of low level of industrialization: Usually a Current Account Deficit is positive and necessary to foster economic development, based on international cooperation and investment.

The role of Exports, Imports and Current Account Balance:
International Econometric models show that foreign trade is usually positively associated with economic development, partly because Exports foster economic development from the demand side (more purcharsers of the goods and services produced by the country) and partly because Exports increase the capacity to increase Imports of raw materials and other goods which have a highly positive effect from the supply side, allowing the country to expand domestic production, usually both in industrial and non industiral sectors. Although the role of the demand has been widely studied and recognized, the important role of supply has unfortunately received less attention in economic studies and policies. Interesting articles in this regard, free downloadble, are included in our journal IJAEQS Vol. 3-1 for the cases of Europe and North America, and in Vol. 4-1 for Asia, Africa and Latin America (to access click on the selected article and then click on "Download" at the Abstract page).

Home of the Blog: http://euroamericanassociation.blogspot.com

9. Latin America 2000-2007: The Role of Investment, Industry and Foreign Trade in economic development. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies

                                                Latin America 2000-2007
     

Entry 9 by Maria-Carmen Guisan, Professor of Econometrics, Spain

Economic development in Latin America has experienced a positive evolution in the period 2000-2007, althought it could have been higher in case of more industrialization. The low levels of industrial real Value-Added per capita in comparison with OECD countries explains, at a great degree, the lower levels of real income per capita in Latin American countries.

    The following graph shows the relationships between increase of real GDP per capita in the period 2000-2007 and the level of industrial development at the beginning of that period. Of course the increase in industrialización during the period has also a positive impact on the development of services and other sectors, and thus on real GDP per capita.

                                      

                     Increase of real GDP per capita and industrialización in Latin America

          

                         Source: Elaboration by the Euro-American Association from World Bank indicators

 The important role of industry, together with human capital, social capital, foreign trade and other factors is well explained in the figures presented in the article by Guisan(2009), free on line at Volume 9-1 of the journal AEID
Other articles published by our Association of interest for economic development in Latin America are listed
in our Blog of International Economics in Spanish. We will include here a list of those published in English.

Home of the Blog in English: http://euroamericanassociation.blogspot.com/

Blog in Spanish on Latin America and International Development:

https://economiaydesarrollointernacional.blogspot.com

8. China, India and other other Asian Countries: Articles by Nobel Prize L.R. Klein and other authors, published by the Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies, 2001-2005

Professor Lawrence R.Klein. Univestiy of Pennsylvania (USA).

 Laureate Nobel Prize of Economics 1980 and Honrary Member of our Association since year 2001 until his much-felt passing in 2013.

Entry 8 by Maria-Carmen Guisan, Professor of Econometrics, Spain



Articles published in our journal AEID (Applied Econometrics and International Development) for the period 2001-2005, were free downloadable through Ideas.Repec and Dialnet (until 4th May of 2026, and we expect to fix a temporary informatic problem to get again the links since June of 2026).

We highlight the interesting article by Nobel Prize Lawrence R. Klein, including the link to the pdf available at SSRN.

KLEIN, L.R. (2004). "China and India: Two Asian Economic Giants, Two Different Systems" AEID Vol. 4-1. 

China and India: Two Asian Economic Giants, Two Different Systems

Applied Econometrics and International Development, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2004

13 Pages Posted: 17 Aug 2008

Lawrence R. Klein

University of Pennsylvania

Abstract

In this essay, I am going to focus attention on China and India as new economic juggernauts that are having great influence at the present time. Of course, those two powerful economies may be joined by others that are large and dynamic at the present time, but movements of others do not come up to the pace being set by the above two Asian economic giants. The Chinese economy has exceeded expectations since 1978 by the widest of margins. It is prosperous; it overcame the food supply matter at the beginning; it is now delivering middle class and upper middle class living conditions to its citizens. India is joining the high-growth club of nations, but in their own way, as a democratic nation. Politically and culturally, the two nations differ markedly, but economically they have some great similarities.

Keywords: Economic Growth in China, Economic Growth in India

JEL Classification: O53

Suggested Citation:

Klein, Lawrence R., China and India: Two Asian Economic Giants, Two Different Systems (August 15, 2008). Applied Econometrics and International Development, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2004, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1229662

Links to other Entries of this Blog, with photos related with Lawrence R. Klein

Entry 23.1. Klein in Spain

Entry 63.25th Anniversary of the Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies

Updated on 20th April-2024:

 Studies on China and India published by the Blog´s coordinator, Professor Matia-Carmen Guisan, free downloadable at Ideas.Repec, for the years 2021-202.

  Year 2024: Chapter in the Book by Guisan(2024): Education, Freedom, International Development and Quality of Life, 2001-2023. More information at Entry 53 of this Blog.

Chapter 6 available at Ideas.Repec:  EE-chapters

Chapter 6. Development Studies of Asia and Oceania, 2001-2023

6.1. Studies of 2004-2020: Investment and Development  ………………………. 101

6.2. Development of India and China, 1950-2020 ……………………………….. 105

6.3. Studies of 2021 and 2022: Quality of Life in Asia and Pacific ……………… 106

Article on India and China published in AEID Year 2021-2024

Employment by Sector and Development in India for 1950-2020 and International Comparisons with China and OECD Countries, Guisan, M.C. Abstract

Entry 8: articles related with China and India published in AEID for the period 2001-2005

List of articles on China, India and other Asian countries published in AEID, 2001-2005 and free downloadable at http://www.usc.es/economet/aeid.htm are:

Year 2005.
* Foodgrain Price Policies in India: The Effects on Foodgrain Production and Rural Poverty 1951-2001
Vol. 5, No. 3, 2005, Edgar J. Wilson
* Intra-Industry Trade in Manufactures between Thailand and Other Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Countries, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2005 Sujinda Chemsripong , Julie Lee and Frank W. Agbola
*The Sources and Dynamics of Inflation in Indonesia: An Ecm Model Estimation for 1952-2002, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2005 Akhand Akhtar Hossain
* Trade Reforms and Economic Integration in South Asia: SAARC to SAPTA, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2005 Mamta B. Chowdhury
*What's Happening to Per Capita GDP in the ASEAN Countries?. An Analysis of Convergence, 1960-2001, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2005 Khorshed Chowdhury
*Financing Rural Infrastructure in Developing Countries: The Case of India, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2005 Indira Rajaraman
Year 2004
*Does the Balassa-Samuelson Hypothesis Hold for Asian Countries? An Empirical Analysis Using Panel Data and Cointegration Tests, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2004, Imed Drine and Christophe Rault
*Human Capital, Trade and Development in India, China, Japan and Other Asian Countries, 1960-2002: Econometric Models and Causality Tests, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2004 Maria-Carmen Guisan
Indian Economy in the Next Five Years: Key Issues and Challenges, 2005-2009, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2004 Krishna Chaitanya V.
* Modelling Export Activity of Eleven APEC Countries, 1978-1997, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2004 Laszlo Matyas , Laszlo Konya and Mark N. Harris
* Budget Deficits and Other Macroeconomic Variables in India, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2004 Srivyal Vuyyuri and S. Venkata Seshaiah
* China and India: Two Asian Economic Giants, Two Different Systems, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2004 Lawrence R. Klein
* Dynamics of Exchange Rate Fluctuations between Yen and the Us-Dollar, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2004 T. Obara
* Linkages of Indian Interest Rates with US and Japanese Rates, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2004 Srivyal Vuyyuri
Year 2003
* Application of Langevin Equation in Econometrics to the Interaction between the Exchange Rates of Japan and South Korea, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2003 T. Obara
* Competitiveness, Productivity and Export Performance of Indian Private Firms, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2003 Lakshmi K. Raut
* Education, Industry, Trade and Development in Asia-Pacific Countries in 1980-99, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2003 Maria-Carmen Guisan and Pilar Exposito
Year 2002
* The Impact of Foreign Banks on Market Concentration: The Case of India, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2002, Milind Sathye
Year 2001
* Economic Development of African and Asia-Pacific Areas in 1951-99, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2001, Maria-Carmen Guisan , Pilar Exposito

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