30. Selected readings on Women economics by the Euro-American Associations, 2001-2017

Selected readings on Women´s Social Participation and Employment published by our Association. Picture source: European Women´s Lobby Entry written by Maria-Carmen Guisan, Professor of Applied Economics at the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain).  I include some selected contents of the articles published by Guisan and Aguayo(2011) and Guisan and Exposito(2011).related with Women ´s social participation and employment. Besides, I am glad to include links to interesting articles published in our journals RSES and AEID, for the period  2010-2017, related with Women´s Economics and accesible at Ideas.Repec. Besides I include a link to interesting News on the Research Activities of Women economists.

To access to the pdf article  click on the title and then on "download" and on "download the selected file". Journal Regional and Sectoral Economic studies  Article by Guisan, M.C. and Exposito, P.(2011)  REGIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT BY GENDER IN SPAIN IN COMPARISON WITH OTHEREUROPEAN COUNTRIES Selected contents:  Table 4 presents a comparison of the rates of employment in Services sectors, among Spain, Germany and the United States. Table A5 presents the distribution by gender and sector in 25 countries of the European Union (E find the following results regarding the rates of sectoral employment Table 4. Employment rates in Services in Spain, Germany and the USA (number of employments per one thousand inhabitants) Services sectors USA Germany Spain Commerce 71 71 63 Hotel and Restaurants 33 22 28 Transport and Communications 27 26 24 Financial Services 24 15 8 Business Services 61 65 35 Public Administration 29 32 30 Education 42 28 21 Health 58 50 25 Other social and personal 33 26 18 Domestic 3 8 11 All Services 381 343 263 Source: Elaborated by Guisan and Exposito from OECD National Accounts: years 2005 and 2006.   Tabla A5: Distribution by economic branches of male and female employment in Spain, Germany and 25 European Union countries (EU25). Sector % of male  employment % of female employment EU25 Germany Spain EU25 Germany Spain Public Administration 7.2 7.8 6.5 7.3 7.7 6.0 Agriculture 5.2 2.6 5.8 3.8 1.6 3.3 Commerce retail 6.3 5.3 6.0 12.5 12.9 14.3 Commerce wholesale 4.1 3.9 4.2 2.6 2.6 2.5 Construction 13.0 10.6 19.5 1.5 1.9 1.7 Culture and Sport .. .. .. 2.1 1.8 2.1 Domestic Services .. .. .. 2.3 1.0 8.2 Education 3.8 3.3 3.4 11.4 8.6 9.6 Business services 6.1 5.9 5.2 7.3 8.2 8.9 Financial Services .. .. .. 2.2 2.5 1.6 Hotels and Restaurantes 3.4 2.8 5.5 5.1 4.6 9.4 Industry: food+metal+machinery 8.3 10.8 7.1 2.2 2.8   2.1 Health and social services 4.0 10.6 2.6 17.2 18.5 10.9 Trasnport by land 4.2 2.4 4.4 .. .. .. Sales and reparations vehicles 3.2 3.5 3.1 .. .. .. Sum of 15 activities 68.8 69.5 73.3 77.5 74.7 80.6 Other activities 31.2 30.5 26.7 22.5 25.3 19.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100  Source:Elaborated from EU(2008). Distribution of Employment in the main NACE 2-digit sectors We find that there are 100 employments per one thousand people in Health and Education in the United States, 78 in Germany and only 46 in Spain. Countries with high levels of industry, like Germany and USA, favors the development of Services. Spain needs to foster industrial development  in order to provide resources for the development of services particularly in social services like Health and Education. The sectors with highest percentages of male employment are "Construction" (with more than 10%),  "Industry: food+metal+machinery" (with percentages between 7.1% and  10.8%), and "Public Admiistration". The sectors with highest percentages  of female employment are "Health and Social Services" (between 10.9%  and 18.5%), "Commerce retail" (between 12.5% and 14.3%), and  "Education" (between 8.6% and 11.4%).

Selected contents of the article by  Guisan, M.C. and Aguayo. E.(2011).  WOMEN PARTICIPATION, QUALITY OF GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE, 2000-2007 To access de full article, please click on the title and then on "download" and on "download the selected file".  Applied Econometrics and International Development, Vol. 11-1. The article analyzes women participation in decision making and several  positive relationships between the educational level of population, quality of  government, women empowerment and quality of life (satisfaction with life). Tabla 3. Data and suggestions about women in media Data: 1) There are four men for every woman who gets media coverage in the EU. 2) Women are central to a NEWS story 10% of the time. 3) Women make up 6% of experts and 14% of spokespersons on the news. 4) 10% of POLITICIANS in the news are female. In Italy and Portugal only 2%. 5) In European news, women are three times as likely as men to be identified in terms of their family status. 6) Women represent one third of main TV and FILM characters. 7) Women athletes secure between 2-9% of TV airtime devoted to SPORTS. 8) Women represent 27% of employees or professionals shown in ADVERTS, but 60% of those portrayed doing housework or looking after children. 9) Adverts showing boys place them outside of the house 85% of the time; those featuring girls place them more than half of the time inside the home. 10) Up to 34 years old, women represent 79% of TV PRESENTERS; over 50, they are only 7%. Our suggestions: It is very urgent to favour the presence of qualified women, not only as journalists and directors of media, but also as advisors, experts interviewed and main protagonists in the news. Source: Suggestions by Guisan and Aguayo(2011) and data from EWL(2010). Table 4. Indicators of  16 European countries and 3 North American countries. País GEM08 SWL2F GDP pc Tyr Voice Gov. Effect. Dinamarca 0.8870 264 34.905 10.02 8.14 9.42 Norway 0.9150 260 49.359 11.41 8.06 9.24 Sweden 0.9250 259 34.090 9.75 7.94 9.16 USA 0.7690 253 43.055 10.70 7.18 8.24 Austria 0.7480 251 35.537 10.32 7.78 8.46 Switzerland 0.8290 249 37.581 10.56 8.10 9.48 Finland 0.8920 246 33.324 9.49 7.98 8.88 Netherlands 0.8720 246 36.956 10.37 8.06 8.60 Canada 0.8290 244 36.260 10.16 7.72 8.84 UK 0.7860 244 33.717 9.71 7.76 8.54 Ireland 0.7270 241 41.036 9.91 7.80 8.34 Germany 0.8520 239 33.181 10.17 7.80 8.36 France 0.7800 239 31.625 9.71 7.54 7.60 Mexico 0.6030 234 13.307 6.80 4.96 5.26 Belgium 0.8410 231 33.399 9.96 7.88 8.18 Spain 0.8250 229 28.536 9.61 7.10 7.00 Portugal 0.7410 223 21.169 8.81 7.50 6.76 Italy 0.7340 223 28.682 9.89 7.24 5.66 Greece 0.6910 208 26.928 8.94 6.92 5.96 Notes: GEM08=Gender Empowerment of UN. SWL2F= Satisfaction with life elaborated from Mark  et al. GDP per capita=Gross Domestic Product per head in year 2008, in thousand Dollars at 2005  prices and Purchasing Power Parities from WB(2010). Total Years of Schooling (average  years of schooling of adult population) elaborated from data of Barro and Lee and own estimations.  Voice of citizens and Government Effectiveness elaborated from data by Kaufman et  al(2008) by conversion of the original scale -2.5 to 2.5 to a scale 0 to 10.

Articles in English on Women´s Economics Journals RSES (Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies) and AEID (Applied Econometrics and International Developmen  Year 2017 RSES 17-2  Microfinance and Women Empowerment- Empirical Evidence from a panel of  Indian states  for the period 2007 to 2014,  Saravanan, S., Dash, D.P.  Abstract The Role Of Women In The Early Years Of The Canning Industry In Spain, Abreu, L.F. Abstract Year 2014 RSES 14-3 Girl Power? An analysis Of Peer Effects Using Exogenous Changes  In The  Gender Make-Up of the peer group. Proud , S. Abstract Is Gender Bias a Cost of Failure Issue?. Marín, C.; Rosa, A. Abstract Family and Education: A Gender Approach for Young Adults at ages 16 to  25 in Spain from  2002 to 2013. Cañada-Vicinay, J.A. Abstract  Exploring the role of Labour Market Uncertainty in Explaining Differences in  Rates of Return  to Education in Europe. Dávia, M.A.; McGuinness, S.;  O´Connell, P.J. Abstract  Employment Opportunities in Spain: Gender Differences by Education and  ICT usage. Gómez, N.; Tobarra, M.A.; López, L.A.  Abstract The employability of Mexican university students: An analysis by gender and   training areas.  Contreras, A.B.; Dávalos, S.; Gónzalez-Morales, O.;  Álvarez-González, J.A.Abstract  Year 2013.RSES Vol. 13-2 Employment by Sector and Gender in European and Spanish Regions, 1995-2012,  Guisan,M.C., Aguayo, E. Abstract   010. Regional Employment and Unemployment by Gender in Spain in comparison with  other European Countries, Guisán, M.C. and Expósito, P. Abstract AEID.Vol. 11-1 Women Participation, Quality of Government and Economic Development in Europe,  2000-2007, Guisan, M.C., Aguayo, E.   Abstract Year 2010. AEID  Vol. 10-2 Education, Gender Equality, Social Well-Being and Economic Development in American Countries, 2000-2010, Guisan, M.C. and Aguayo, E. Abstract Website with access to journal articles and Blogs published by the Euro-American Association of Economic  Development Studies: http://www.usc.es/economet/eaat.htm