11. Report September of 2009: YPLL and Health expenditure in the United States, Europe and other OECD countries. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies

We hope that controversies around Health assistance organization in the USA will achieve enough social agreement in order to allow all the populaltion to benefit from a good and affordable health assistance at least in the same degree that it happens in the major countries of Western Europe and other industrialized countries. It does not mean necessarity that public systems will substitute private health assistance, because each country may decide a mix of both public and private systems to operate in order to offer a good system to all the population.

In a forthcoming article of journal RSES to appear on line at the journal Website on 24th September of 2009, the following graphs are analysed:
                            

   Graph 3. PYLLF (Years of potential life lost per 100 thousand population, female) and Health expenditure per capita in OECD countries year 2005

Source: Elaborated by Guisan(2009) from OECD, WHO and WDI statistics

Graph 4. PYLLM (Years of potential life lost per 100 thousand population male)

and Health expenditure per capita in OECD countries, year 2005

 Source: Elaborated by Guisan(2009) from OECD, WHO and WDI statistics

Potential Years of Life Lost, PYLL (also know as YPLL: Years of Potential Life Lost) is measured by the number of years of life lost by people who died below 70 years old, per each 100 thousand inhabitants), PYLLF refers to female population and PYLLM to male population. This variable usually diminish when health expenditure per capita increases, although other factors are also important to lower the level of this prematural deaths, such as those related with the facilities to use health assistance services, if necessary, by all the population in all the geographical and social areas of the country, and other ones related with other risks that experience population such as risky jobs, health habits of life, and other ones.

We notice that several factors, such as risky jobs and activities among other ones, play an important role to explain the big differences between PYLLM and PYLLF, as in all the analysed countries PYLLM was substantially higher than PYLLF. It is striking to notice that the United States has the highest value of health expenditure per head but much higher values of PYLLF and PYLLM than those which should correspond to the degree of expenditure and quality of health assistance. Accordingly to recent reports on health assitance improvements it is clearly desirable that the USA may reach lower values of PYLLM and PYLLF in the next years.

Education has generally a highly positive impact on real production per capita, and real production usually help to increase the level of health expenditure per head. The increase of health expenditure per capita usually leads, with proper organization, to clear increases in health welfare and to clear diminutions of potential years of life lost.

It is good news the current reforms aimed to increase coverage of health insurance to many millions of northamerican citizens who did not enjoy this important service until now.

10. Report August of 2009: On Spain, the United States, Trade Deficits and top Current Account Balances. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies

Graph 2: Current Account Balance per capita in top 18 countries with highest balance deficits. 

Source: Euro-American Asoc of Eco. Dev. Studies  from international sources. Devalopment Report August 2009 at Blog: http://euroamericanassociation.blogspot.com/


Note to graph 2: higher deficits (Current Account Balance per capita below -3000 dollars per inhabitant) in country number 2 (Spain) and number 9 (Greece).

Graph 1: Top Current Account Balances of the World (Bn dollars: thousand millions in 2008): 18 countries with highest superavit and 18 countries with highest deficits. Source: Euro-American Asoc of Eco. Dev. Studies from international sources. Devalopment Report August 2009  http://euroamericanassociation.blogspot.com/

Comments to Graph 1: The 18 highest Current Account Balance Deficits of the World in year 2008 (negative values in red in Graph 1), correspond to: 1. the United States, 2. Spain, 3. the United Kingdom , 4. Italy , 5. France, 6.Turkey, 7. Australia, 8. India, 9. Greece, 10. Poland, 11. Romania, 12. Brazil, 13. Portugal, 14. South Africa, 15. Ukraine, 16. Mexico, 17. Vietnam and 18.  Bulgaria, while the 18 highest Current Account Balance superavits (positive values in blue in Graph 1) in the same year correspond to: 1. China, 2. Germany, 3. Japan, 4. Saudi Arabia, 5. Russia, 6. Norway, 7. Kuwait, 8. Venezuela, 9. the Netherlands, 10. Libya, 11. Switzerland, 12. United Arab Emirates, 13. Algeria, 14. Sweden, 15. Singapore, 16. Iran, 17. Malaysia and 18. Taiwan.

Comments to Graph 2. Countries with negative Current Account Balance in graph 1 are represented in per capita termis in graph 2. The degree of deficit per head is lower than 2000 dollars in a great majority (14 out of 18 top total deficit countries), including the case of the United States. It seems to much higher in the cases of Spain and Greece, with more than 3000 dollars of deficit per capita, having into account that those countries have a low degree of industrial development and they should foster industry for sustaineable development of other production sectors. Countries in graph 2 appear in the same order than the deficit countries of graph 1 (order of bar diagramn in red).

Causes and consequences of deficits and superavits:
Superavit in some cases correspond to oil exports and in other cases to countries interested in diminishing their international debt or interested in investment abroad in order to increase economic returs and development. Superavits are usually good for a country if the returns from this superavits, usually invested abroad, have direct and/or indirect positive effects on domestic economic development as it usually happens.

Balance deficits respond to different types of situations and have different effects on economic development:
1) Countries highly industrialized, which are attractive and open to foreing investment in domestic markets in order to foster Imports capacity and production in some economic sectors. Correspond to this group the United States, the United Kingdom and France. The effect is usually positive. In this cases foreign resources are supplementary of domestic resources and usually positive.
2) Countries of middle level of industrialization, which do not foster enough industrial growth and develop economic policies addressed to increase international debt in order to finance Imports and foster building and services activities. In these cases, such as Spain in the period 2004-2008, and at a less extent before 2004, foreign resources are used ad substitutes of domestic industrialization and have short run positive effects but this police may lead to long run negative effects it is not accompanied by increase in industrialization and good conditions of international debt (low cost, sustainability, stability and other ones).
3) Countries of low level of industrialization: Usually a Current Account Deficit is positive and necessary to foster economic development, based on international cooperation and investment.

The role of Exports, Imports and Current Account Balance:
International Econometric models show that foreign trade is usually positively associated with economic development, partly because Exports foster economic development from the demand side (more purcharsers of the goods and services produced by the country) and partly because Exports increase the capacity to increase Imports of raw materials and other goods which have a highly positive effect from the supply side, allowing the country to expand domestic production, usually both in industrial and non industiral sectors. Although the role of the demand has been widely studied and recognized, the important role of supply has unfortunately received less attention in economic studies and policies. Interesting articles in this regard, free downloadble, are included in our journal IJAEQS Vol. 3-1 for the cases of Europe and North America, and in Vol. 4-1 for Asia, Africa and Latin America (to access click on the selected article and then click on "Download" at the Abstract page).

9. Report. August of 2009: The Role of Investment, Industry and Foreign Trade in economic development. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies

In these figures we include some of the main features of international economic relations to foster economic development. Foreign direct investment is of great importance to increase domestic investment in many countries and to favor the increase of Imports useful to foster domestic production, both in industrial and non-industrial sectors. Investment abroad is also a source of economic returns which contribute to increase economic development. Exports of raw materials, elaborated products or services (as tourism) are usually the main source to finance Imports which are needed to increase industrial and non-industrial output and employment.

Figures 1 and 2 show the main factors than contribute to increase real income per capita, accordingly to the empirical evidence shown in quantitative studies of socio-economic development published in AEID and in other selected journals of Economics research. These figures are a short version of the general figure presented in a more specialized article by Guisan(2009), free on line at Volume 9-1 of the journal AEID.


Although many economists agree with these analyses, the question is that unfortunately economic policies in many cases do not have into account properly the great importance of these factors to foster economic development. Regarding the fight agains poverty and the Millenium Development Goals the main emphasis should be on Human Capital, Industry and other activities which contribute at a great deal to increase both domestic production as well as the capacity to import goods and services from other countries, in order to increase real income per head and wellbeing.


In this year 2009 of international financial crisis, it is worthy to call attention of politicians and institutions about the negative consequences that financial disorder have for many developed and developing countries. Countries need investment, both from domestic agents and from foreigners, and good performance of financial channels is of great importance to fuel the engine of economic development.
In the next update of this entry we will include some graphs of World Development for the period 2000-2009.

8. New articles of year 2009 published by the Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies

The Status page of the journals Website of the EAAEDS has been updated in July with the list of forthcoming articles to be published in the second semester of year 2009 and first semester of year 2010. During the month of August we will update the "authors" file of the Google site of our Association with announcements of new accepted articles, and in September we will update again the Status page. When updated we will include a link from this Blog.

Articles published in the first semester of 2009 appear at the journals Website:

http://www.usc.es/economet/eaa.htm

Printed copies of the first semester are expected to be delivery to authors in September.

Emails sent to the Editor during the end of July and beginning of August are expected to be replied during the second half of August.

7. World Development Reports free on line 2001-2005. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies

World Development Reports published by the Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies for the years 2001-2005, are here free downloadable. To access each article, please click on "Abstract" and then on "Download" within the Abstract page. These articles point to the important role of Education, Industry and Trade in improving socio-economic development.

Education and World Development in 1900-1999: A General View and Challenges for the Near Future, Guisan, M.C., Aguayo, E. and Exposito, P. Abstract

Economic Development of American and European Areas in 1951-99, Guisan, M.C. and Aguayo, E. Abstract

Economic Development of African and Asia-Pacific Areas in 1951-9, Guisan, M.C. and Exposito, E. Abstract

Education, Industry, Trade and Development of American Countries in 1980-99 Abstract y article

Education, Industry, Trade and Development of African Countries in 1980-99Abstract y article

Education, Industry, Trade and Development of European and Eurasian Countries in 1980-99. Abstract

Education, Industry, Trade and Development of Asia-Pacific countries in 1980-99. Abstract

Human Capital and Economic Development in Africa, 1950-2002,. Abstract

6. News for authors and readers 2009. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies: AEID, RSES, EEDI/ESID and IJAEQS

Message for Authors. Updated on 5th November of 2009:
New updates of the lists of forthcoming articles of journals AEID and RSES have been included at the "Status" section of the journals Website, corresponding to articles submitted before 30th of September of 2009. A new update of accepted articles submitted during the 4th quarter of year 2009 is scheduled to be made in December. Printed copies of Volumes published during the first semester of 2009 have been delivery to authors and subscribers during the last months. Those published in the second semester of 2009 are scheduled to be delivered in December of 2009.

Messages for Readers. Updated on July of 2009:
Since May of 2009 all the articles of years 2001 to 2005 are free downloadable at the AEID Website as well as some articles published since year 2006. For journal RSES free downloads include articles of years 2001 to 2006 and a few articles published since year 2007. For journal EEDI/ESID articles of years 2001 to 2007 are freedownloadable as well as a few articles among those published since 2008. All the articles of journal IJAEQS are free downloadable as it is an Open Access journal.

5. Report February of 2009 Education, Quality of Government and World Development. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies

Education, quality of Goverment and Development in Europe, America, Africa and Asia

Interesting articles and links in this regard are scheduled to be included during year 2009, based on the article
Government Effectiveness, Education, Economic Development and Well-Being: Analysis of European Countries in Comparison with the United States and Canada, 2000-2007, Guisan, M.C. Abstract (click on "Abstract" and then in "downolad" at the abstract page, for free on line access to the full article), and other studies published by our Association.

4. EAAEDS News 2008: On line access to the publications of the Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies

News November 2008: Articles published by the Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies in the journal Applied Econometrics and International Development (AEID) are now availabe, at low cost, through Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Articles include data and interesting analyses of Europe, Eurasia, North America, Latin American and Caribbean countries, Northern Africa and Middle East, Subsaharan Africa and Asia-Pacific. Index and access to the articles: http://www.usc.es/economet/index2aeid.htm

Free on line: Our journal l IJAEQS is a DOAJ open access journal with articles free downloadable at the journal Website. Some articles published in the other journals of our Association are also free downloable from the journals Website: http://www.usc.es/economet/eaa.htm

3. Africa: Education, Health Expenditure and international cooperation to development. Euro-American Association Report

International cooperation to development needs more policies addressed to improve education in the low income countries of Africa, because education has very important positive effects on the increase of real income per head and on the increase of health expenditure per inhabitant. The MDGs (Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations) unfortunately did not imply, for the moment, enough support to foster education, although some positive measures have been implemented. More information at the following report, clicking here and at "download" in the abstract page:Health Expenditure, Poverty and Economic Development in Africa, 2000-2005
http://ideas.repec.org/a/eaa/ijaeqs/v3y2006i2_1.html

2. Regional development in Europe: Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies EAAEDS/AEEADE

Regional Economics: Some interesting articles and documents on regional development in the European Union, America and other areas are free downloadable at the Regional web site
Soon we will be glad to include here some of the main conclusions of those studies.