2023/10/20

52. News 2023: A free ebook on Education, Freedom, World Development and Quality of Life . 2001-2023. America, Europe, Eurasia, Africa, Asia and Oceania






  
 Guisan, M.C.(2023). Education, Freedom, International Development and Quality of Life, 2001-2023. Economic Studies of America, Europe, Africa and Asia.  Published by the Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies. 1st Edition september 2023.

Free available at EEbooks at Ideas.Repec.

                                  Update of 17th January of 2024

 First version, published in September of 2023. Second version March of 2024. The book is available at Ideas-Repec: 

https://ideas.repec.org/s/eaa/eebook.html

See Index of contents at: 

Chapters, 2nd edition 2024. 

Access to each chapter at Ideas-Repec: EEChapters

Chapter 1.  Econometric models of World Development, 2001-2023.

Chapter 2. Econometric Models of OECD countries, 2001-2023

Chapter 3. Development of  Latin American countries, 2001-2023

Chapter 4. Development of Europe and Eurasia, 2001-2023

Chapter 5. Development of Africa, 2001-2023

Chapter 6. Development of Asia, 2001-2023


See also the Entry 51 of this Blog on book EE11 on World Development for the period 1960-2000:


 51. A free ebook on Education, Industry and World Development, 1960-2000: Studies of OECD countries, Latin America, Europe, Africa and Asia


Updates of year 2023

 News of year 2023 from the Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies: 1) Update of 1st December of year 2023:accepted articles in Volume 24-1, of year 2024, in journals AEID and RSES. See Entry 41 for AEID, and Entry 40 for RSES, 2) A free ebook on World Development and Quality of Life published by our Association in year 2023. 3) Other news (to be included)


2023/05/27

51. News 2023: A free ebook on Education, Industry and World Development, 1960-2000: Studies of OECD countries, Latin America, Europe, Africa and Asia

 

   Book EE11. Guisan, Aguayo and Exposito (2003)



In the name of the Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies we are glad to announce the publication, in year 2023, of the ebook EE11 and EE12, in pdf version, of our series "Economic Studies/Estudios Económicos".

Two books in English are free downloadable at our ebooks series at Ideas.Repec: EE11 since May of year 2023 and EE12 since September of 2023.

By clicking on the title, readers may see the index of contents and to have access to the book in pdf format at Ideas.Repec.
Book EE11:


Guisan, Maria-Carmen; Aguayo, Eva; Exposito, Pilar

Authors are teachers and researchers of Economics, with many publications on International Development, included at Dialnet, Ideas.Repec, SSRN and other international academic indexes.

Coordinator: Maria-Carmen Guisan, Professor of Econometrics and author included in the ranking of Top 100 more popular authors by total downloads at Ideas.Repec, out of more than 60000 Economics researchrs from all over the World.

Chapters of book EE11 are downloadable at:


See the Index of contents of EE11 at:


  • 5-32 World Development in the 20th century: Evolution and Econometric Model
    In: Education And International Development, 1960-2000: Economic Studies Of Oecd Countries, Latin America, Europe, Africa And Asia,
    by GUISAN, Maria-Carmen
  • 33-62 Development in the OECD, 1960-2000: Econometric Models and Indicators
    In: Education And International Development, 1960-2000: Economic Studies Of Oecd Countries, Latin America, Europe, Africa And Asia,
    by GUISAN, Maria-Carmen
  • 63-74 Production by sector in OECD Countries, 1960-2000
    In: Education And International Development, 1960-2000: Economic Studies Of Oecd Countries, Latin America, Europe, Africa And Asia,
    by GUISAN, Maria-Carmen & Expósito, Pilar
  • 75-94 Econometric models of Latin America. Studies of the period 1984- 2000
    In: Education And International Development, 1960-2000: Economic Studies Of Oecd Countries, Latin America, Europe, Africa And Asia,
    by GUISAN, Maria-Carmen & Aguayo, Eva
  • 95-100 A Comparison of Regional Development in the European Union and the United States, 1960-2000
    In: Education And International Development, 1960-2000: Economic Studies Of Oecd Countries, Latin America, Europe, Africa And Asia,
    by GUISAN, Maria-Carmen


  • See also Entry 52 of this Blog about book EE12:

    52. A free ebook on World Development and Quality of Life . 2001-2023. Studies of America, Europe, Eurasia, Africa, Asia and Oceania

    The book EE12, by Guisan(2003). Education, Economic Freedom, Development and Quality of Life, 2001-2023, published, in a first version, in September of 2023 and



                                              Book forthcoming at Ideas.Repec in July of 2023-

    See Index of contents at: 




    2023/03/13

    50. Report 2023-3. Economic development of Latin America, 1950-2021: Mexico, Colombia, Peru and comparison with China


          Graph 3 presents a comparison of 3 Latin American countries (México, Colombia and Peru) with China for the period 1950-2023.

          We may notice that real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita was much higher in  these Latin American countries than in China for the period 1950-1980. After 1980 the increase of industrialization in China started to diminish the gap of GDP per capita with some Latin American countries and in the period 2015-2021 surpassed the values of Peru and Colombia and almost reached the value of Mexico in year 2021.

          The graph shows an important increase of real GDP per capita in Mexico for the period 1950-1980 and a lower increase for 1980-2021. An interesting article by Moreno-Brid and Sanchez(2022), published in the journal RSES Vol. 22-2.  highlights the positive impact of the industrialization policies of the period 1950-1980. 

        More information at the Entries 48 and 49 of this Blog and also at the following article in English, free downloadable at Ideas.Repec and Dialnet and in our Blog on Latin America and International Development in Spanish:
       

    Blog in Spanish  on Latin America and International Development:

    49. Report 2023-2.Economic development of Latin America, 1950-2021: Comparison of Brazil and Chile with China and Europe

     




         In Graph 2 of the study by Guisan(2023) we present the evolution of 2 Latin American countries: Brazil and Chile, with China and with 2 European countries (France and Spain).

       We may notice that Chile had a value of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita close to Spain for the period 1955-1960 and that Brazil had a value close to Chile for the period 1975-1990.

       Thanks to a higher level of industrialization, and other factors, Spain experienced a high increase of real GDP per inhabitant for the periods 1960-1975, 1985-1991, 1992.2007 with decrease and recovery for 2007-2021, and Chile for the period 1990-2018. China also experienced an important increase of industrialization and development since year 1990. reaching and surpassing Brazil by the period 2015-2021. 

         Accordingly to this study the level of industrialization has shown low incrase in many Latin American countries, while China and the World average have experienced a higher increase. While in 1950 the average of Manufacturing production per capta in Latin America was higher than the World average, in year 2000 both values were very alike and in year 2021 the World average was higher than the average of 8 Latin American countries.

        More information at the Entries 48 and 50 of this Blog and at the following article in English, free downloadable at Ideas.Repec and at Dialnet, and in our Blog on Latin America and Intrnational Development in Spanish:


    Blog in Spanish on Latin America and International Development:
       

       


    48. Report 2023-1. Economic Development of Latin America, 1950-2021: Argentina, Chile, Cuba and Venezuela

     


    Guisan, Maria-Carmen (2023). Economic Development in 8 Latin American Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela. Applied Econometrics and Interntional Development Vol. 23-1.


    This study is free downloadable at Ideas.Repec and Dialnet, and also by clicking on the name of the journal.

    Graph 1 of the study by Guisan(2023) shows that Argentina, Venezuela and Mexico were the top 3 countries out of the 8 countries of this study in real Production per inhabitant in year 1950. In year 2021 the top 3 were Chile, Argentina and Mexico.

    In the next entries of this Blog we include other graphs and more information of this study.

    The indicator of Manufacturing per capita, life satisfaction, quality of government, freedom and other ones, in Argentina and Chile are higher than in Cuba and Venezuela.

    Blog in Spanish on Latin America and International Development:

    2022/01/18

    47. World Development Reports 2021 and 2022: Education, Peace, development and quality of life in 164 countries

     

          World Development Reports published by the Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies in years 2021 and 2022

    Entry 47 by Maria-Carmen Guisan, Professor of Econometrics, Spain

    We highlight the following table from the Report published in  AEID 2021 by Guisan, M.C., which is free downloadable by clicking on "Abstract":

           
     Source: Guisan , M.C. (2021). World Development For 1995-2020: Econometric Relationships of Human Capital, Development, Quality Of Government and Life Satisfaction In 164 Countries, Guisan, M.C   Abstract

           This Development Report of year 2021, published in journal AEID, is free downloadable and preesents data and econometric models of several indicators of quality of life in 164 countries.

                    We may notice a positve evolution of Production per head,  in the 9 groups of countries of the table for the period 1995-2019, but with great differences among the lowest and the highest values, both in 1995 and 2019. Countries of groups 1 to 5 were below World average in year 2019. 

                Countries with the highest levels of Education, with average years of School Atteinment of adult population higher than 10 years, are over the World average of Production per capita and also have good average values in other indicators: Between 6.07 and 7.07  average points for  "Happiness"; average between 5.94 and 8.24 points in the indicator of Quality of Government (given by Voice of Citizens), between 5.47 and 6.30 for the indicator of Peace, and between 5.83 and 7.20 as average values of XM (being XM the meand of the indicators X1 (Happiness), X2 (Government Quality) and X4 (Peace).


                                                    Updated 25-12-2022


       International Development Reports in AEID and RSES, 2021 and 2022

                     AEID 2022

    A22-1. Political Stability, Peace And Economic Development In 164 Countries, 2010-2020, Guisan, M.C.  Abstract

    A22-2. Life Satisfaction,  Income, Security And Environment:  An Interregional Econometric Model of 372 Regions From  Europe, America, Asia And Oceania In Year 2016, Guisan, M.C. Abstract

    AEID 2021

    World Development For 1995-2020: Econometric Relationships Of Human Capital, Development, Quality Of Government And Life Satisfaction In 164 Countries, Guisan, M.C   Abstract

    Employment by Sector and Development in India for 1950-2020 and International Comparisons with China and OECD Countries, Guisan, M.C.Abstract

    RSES-2022

     R22-1. Industry, Education, Development and Quality Of Life In 53 African Countries, 1995-2020Guisan, M.C., Exposito, P.  Abstract

    R22-2. Quality of Life in Countries and Regions of Europe, America, Asia and Oceania: Subjective and Objective Indicators, 2000-2020, Guisan, M.C. Abstract

    RSES-2021

    Spanish and European Report 2021: Wages, Productivity, Quality of Public Sector and Citizens Satisfaction, Guisan M.C. (Abstract)

    Industry, Education, Development and Quality Of Life In 53 African Countries, 1995-2020, Guisan, M.C., Exposito, P.  Abstract


    AEID = Applied Econometrics and International Development

    RSES = Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies



     Evolution in 24 years:  Real production per capita increase in 6249 Dollars (at 2017 prices) in a period of 24 years (from 1995 to 2019), what implies an average of 260 Euros per year, but in the 2 groups of poorest countries the increase was very low with only 20 Euros per year in group 1). 


          1) Education and Development: Usually Education is the variable with the highest impact on economic development and quaality of life. The indicator Tyr10 is "Total years of schooling of adult population (+25 years old) in year 2010. The value varied between a low average of 3.38 years of Schooling in group 1 (lowest level of economic development)  to 11,66 in group 9 (highest level of economic development). World average was 8.09.


          2) Average Fertility rate: As seen in the econometric model of Guisan, Aguayo and Exposito (2021) (journal AEID Vol. 1-1), there is an important impact of Education in the moderation of average fertility rates. In table 1 we may notice that countries with the lowest levels of Schooling have high average Fertility rates (4.82 children per woman in group 1) while countries with high educational levels have moderate average Fertility rates (1.53 children per women in group 9). 


            3) Indicators of Quality of Life in a scale 0 (minimum) to 10 (maximum). 

    Indicator X1=Happiness varies from an average of 4.27 in group 1 to 7.07 in group 9, usually increasing with real income, health care access, working conditions, and other variables related with socio-economic development. 

    Indicator X2=Government Quality (calculated in the scale 0 to 10 from the World Bank data of Voice of citizens) varies from 3.12 in group 1 to 7.07 in grourp 9, usually increasin with socio-economic development.

    Indicators X3 and X4 (X3=degree of conflict, X4=degree of peace). The average value of X3 varies between 6.00 in group 1 to 3.70, with many types of conflicts usually decreasing with socio-economic development. The average value of X4 varies between 4.00 in group 1 to 6.30 in group 9, usually increasing with socio-economic development. 


    Indicator XM is the mean of the indicators X1, X2 and X4. The average value varies between 3.79 in group 1 to 7.20 in group 9, usually increasing with socio-economic development. 


    Other contents of the Development Report: The main objetive of this report is to foster international cooperation in order to increase Schooling, Investment, Production per head and Quality of Life in the World, particularly in countries with the lowest levels.



     

    2021/05/07

    46. CO2 Total Emissions in the World 1970-2015: Europe, United States, China, India and other ones

    Source: Guisan and Exposito(2020). Applied Econometrics and International Development, Vol.20-2 

    Entry 46 by Maria-Carmen Guisan, Professor of Econometrics, Spain

    The article shows that 87% of increase in Total World CO2 Emissions, for the period 1970-2015, were due to Population Growth while the World average of CO2 Emissions per capita explains only 13% of the total increase. Besides it is important to have into account the effects of Wild Fires, because excluding the effect of those fires, the average per capita diminished from 4.23 to 4.0 Tm per inhabitant.

    Accordingly to Guisan, Aguayo and Exposito (2001), Guisan and Neira(2006) and other studies, it is important to foster international cooperation for increase financial help to education in low income countries, because it is the best way to get sustainable development with moderation of high rates of population growth and improvement of economic development, health assistance and poverty eradication.

    The main industrialized countries of the European Union have diminished, not only in per capita terms, but also CO2 Total Emissions, given is moderate rate of population growth. Total Emissions of CO2 have diminished in 475 million Tms in a group fo 6 industrialized European Countries (France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, United Kingdom and Spain), for the period 1970-2015.

    More information at Applied Econometrics and International Development, Vol. 20-1.

    Industrial developmen and CO2 emissions in 6 european countries, 1960-2016: france, germany, italy, spain, switzerland and uk, Guisan, M.C. Abstract 


    CO2 Total Emissions in the World, 1970-2015: Relationship with Economic Development and Population Growth; Guisan, M.C., Exposito, P.  Abstract


    Direct and Indirect Effects of Human Capital on World Development, 1960-2004, by Guisan, M.C. and Neira, I.     Abstract    


    Economic growth and cycles: Cross-country models of Education, Industry and Fertility and International Comparisons by Guisan, M.C.; Aguayo, E. and Exposito, P.  Abstract y article

    More information

    EPA. United States Environement Protection. Agency. Gobal Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data.

    2021/02/23

    45. Women´s Quality of Labour, Social Visibility and Quality of Life. Euro-American Report year 2020




    Here we present a short version of section 4 of the article by Guisan and Aguayo(2020)

    4. Quality of Labour, female social visibility and quality of life.


    Entry 45  by Maria-Carmen Guisan, Professor of Econometrics, Spain

    4.1. Quality of labour and its impact on quality of life

         Women workers lifes are sometimes more stressed than lifes of men workers, due to the problems to conceal family life and labour hours. The consequence is that women workers usually have fewer hours of leisury activities per week. In spite of that, the majority of women are happy to find a job, with quality of labour, not only because paid work provides some degree of income and independence, but also because it allows to develop social and personal values and, in many cases, also vocational jobs.

          Quality of labour is an important part of quality of life. It is interesting to know the evolution for the period 2007-2019. Besides the diminution of average wage for the period 2009-2019 some indicators show that other aspects of quality of labor (stability, opportunities, good environment, flexibility of hours, etc.) seem to have diminished. There has been an increase of presentialism and a diminution of opportunities for tele work in many public and private employments. In year 2020 with the pandemia, there has been an important increase of tele work, which diminishes the travel time to work, increases flexibility and helps to conceal family and labor lifes.

       The problems of conciliation of family life and working life is common in many countries, particularly for women with little children. Availability of public services for children care, family help (from husband, parents or other relatives) or the affordability to pay for private services are of great help but not always are easy to find for many women.

        Indicators in EU28: Perez-Ortiz et al (2020b) present an interesting graph for Female Global Index (horizontal axis) and Male Global Index (vertical axis) and draw the bisector in the first quadrant in 23 European Union countries. We highlight the following results od the Global Index of quality of labour by gender:

     1) At the bottom, with Index below 50 for Female and below 55 for Male Employment: Greece, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Hungary, Slovakia, Spain and Italy. 

    2) A second group with Index highet than 50 and below 60 for women and below 65 for men: Czech R, Portugal, Germany, France, Ireland, UK, Luxembourg, Slovenia and Belgium. 

    3) A third group, with the highest values of the Global Index of quality of labour includes 5 countries with both Female and Male Indexes between 60 and 70: Belgium, Austria, Finland, Denmark and Sweden. 4) The coordinates of most of countries are over the bisector of the first quadrant, as to say the quality of labor is usually higher for men than for women.


    4.2 Social visibility of notable women

    As seen in Guisan, Aguayo and Exposito (2011), and other studies, there are several interesting articles on the Female difficulties to reach opportunities of promotion and visibility particularly in several environments of traditional Male power. Here we can add information about several problems and some interesting initiatives.

     1) Newspapers, radios and televisions.

     In year 2008 only 6% of women in interviews to professional experts and 10% to political members. Only 21% of opinion journalists, accordingly to the II report ColumnistAs, by Plann. In the ColumnistA study, prepared by the consulting firm Planner Media with the support of the Federation of Associations of Journalists of Spain (FAPE), where it analyzes more than 3,000 pieces of opinion with about 1,500 different columnists, from 26 media outlets, it shows that Only 21% of the opinion columns published by the Spanish media are signed by women and, in the case of opinion columns dedicated to scientific issues, the percentage signed by women drops to 7%.

    A study financed by the Women´s Departament of the Autonomuys Community of Madrid, Mateos de Cobo et al (2007) published an analysis of digital press in Spain regarding gender stereotips.

    For the last decades, a greater number of women journalists interested on Female visibility, as well as an increasing number of men, has contributed to changes in the contents of newspapers and other means of communication, with more interviews or news on outstanding women in fields of science, literature, economy, politics, and other ones. But already there is the feeling of "being invisible" for many notable women.

    2) Associations that support Women in Science, Tecnology, and Executive positions.

    The visibility of women in any area of ​​society and particularly in those of research and technology is an aspect of great importance to refute the false argument that "there are no women" or "there are no brilliant women" in the different fields of knowledge (Lopez et al, 2020). .

    3) Encyclopedias and texbooks.

         The presence of women in Encyclopedias and Bibliographic Dictionaries is usually very low, with percentages of 6% or below in many fields, where they have had a remarkable higher activity. Although there are a few publications that collect biographies of some relevant women they usually are not available in internet at a low cost or free.

         The scarce inclusion of relevant women in Wikipedia is analyzed in the interesting academic article by Li(2020) and in outstanding articles in newspapers and blogs.

          Noan Cohen(2011) have published an interesting article in the New York Times (NYT) about the gender gap in contributors lists of Wikipedia:

    Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia’s Contributor List. "According to the OpEd Project, an organization based in New York that monitors the gender breakdown of contributors to “public thought-leadership forums,” a participation rate of roughly 85-to-15 percent, men to women, is common — whether members of Congress, or writers on The New York Times and Washington Post Op-Ed pages. It would seem to be an irony that Wikipedia, where the amateur contributor is celebrated, is experiencing the same problem as forums that require expertise."

    Sue Gardner(2011).She was the executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation from December 2007 until May 2014, and has written the interesting article at her Blog related with the publication by Norma Cohen:

    Nine Reasons Women Don’t Edit Wikipedia (in their own words). We list the 9 reasons in the Annex, and we highlight reason 4 and 9 as important not only for explain the gender gap in contributions to the Encyclopedia but also the gender gap in the biographical contents of notable women. Reason 4) is "Some women don’t edit Wikipedia because they are conflict-averse and don’t like Wikipedia’s sometimes-fighty culture". Reason 9) is "Some women don’t edit Wikipedia because social relationships and a welcoming tone are important to them, and Wikipedia offers fewer opportunities for that than other sites".

          Shlomit Lir (2020), also points to the unfriendly environment that many women find when they wish to include, in Wikipedia, contents related with women, in the article:

    Strangers in a seemingly open-to-all website: the gender bias in Wikipedia Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: "Findings – The findings show that having the will to edit and the knowledge of how to edit are necessary but insufficient conditions for women to participate in Wikipedia. The finding reveals two categories: pre-editing barriers of negative reputation, lack of recognition, anonymity and fear of being erased; and post-editing barriers of experiences of rejection, alienation, lack of time and profit and ownership of knowledge. The research suggests a “Vicious Circle” model, displaying how the five layers of negative reputation, anonymity, fear, alienation and rejection – enhance each other, in a manner that deters women from contributing to the website"

         Although Wikipedia has very good contributors, male and female, in many topics, the question is that the rules for contributors are not all good, and they should be improved in order to avoid lack of protection for women, or other contributors, when they find hostility barriers to publish qualified and interesting contents.

         In biographic Encyclopedias and textbooks, the presence of women is usually very scarce and clearly below their professional, artistic or scientific activity. Accordingly.

         An study by López-Navajas(2014) from the University of Valencia, presents data of female protagonism by subject of study in Secondary Education textbooks in Spain and show that only 7.5% of the referents in those text book are women.

    3) Blogs and twitter: initiatives for women visibility.

    An interesting initiative from Lydia Gil is her Blog of social media investigation : https://socialmediaeninvestigacion.com/mujeresdivulgadoras-edicion3

    It is an interesting initiative for visibiligy of women communicators in Sciences (natural Sciences, Social sciencias and other fields). She also contributes to the women visibility on radio program "Ones of science". In the Annex we will include other Blogs.

    It is worth highlighting initiatives such as the Women with Science blog, from the Chair of Scientific Culture of the University of the Basque Country, which tries to give greater visibility to women who contributed and contribute to progress in different scientific and technological fields, linked to STEM disciplines (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics).

    In the field of social sciences, the Women in Economics network formed in 2019 from the twitter account @mujereseneco addresses the objective of promoting presence in the public debate (conferences, talks, discussion tables, courses, media or discussion forums) of experts from different professional areas of the economic world. With initiatives in social networks such as #unaeconomistapordia with which, a relevant woman in the area of ​​Economics is presented with a brief description of her area of ​​specialization or some of her most relevant works.

    In May 2018 @siconmujeres was born as an initiative promoted by male economists to end the discussion round tables where male representatives are often exclusive. In the same line of avoiding expert panels with none women, or little female presence, the Office of the European Parliament in Spain launched the initiative # DondeEstánEllas, which has been signed by several entities.

    4) Leadership in Universities, Scientific Academics and Prizes:

     In the study of EUA(2017) on women in leadership positions in European universities. The results show that in 47 countries with EUA members, only 12% of all rectors are female. The maximum is a third of Rectors in Sweden, Norway and Finland, and the minimum below 11% Spain, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Czec Republic, Turkey and Italy.

    Women economists in Prizes: the presence of women is below the percentage of their contributions to Economics. Not only the Nobel Prize organization has shown a Male preference, but also in national prizes, as in the case of Spain, as follows:

      Prize of General Council of Economists (Consejo General de Economistas, CGE, in Spanish): In 20 Prizes for years 2001-2018 only 1 was for a female economist (5%): Josefa Fernandez Arufe, Professor of Applied Economics at the University of Valladolid (Spain) and one of the Notable Women Pioneers in Economics research and Doctoral supervision in Spain, as it appears in the article by Guisan(2018) in the journal RSES.

      Prize Queen Juan Carlos: In 20 years, 1986-2006, all Prizes for men (0% women)

       Prize Rey Jaime: In 20 years 1997-2016 all Prizes for men (0% for women)

    Acccordingly to Ideas-Repec, an important international net of Economics research, theres is a percentage around 25% of Female economists (more than 14000 women out of more than 55000 total economists). Among the top 100 Spanish members of this academid net, there are 21 women economists. A list of names may be seen in Guisan(2018). Women economists at Spanish Universities currently they represent around 40% of intermediate teachers and researchers and 20% of Full Professors. Given this women activity in Economics research it seems that they should appear at least in 20% of Economic Prizes.

    4) Businesswoman and executives. There is an increase of initiatives, from Associations, to increase female visibility in the business and professional firms, in engineering, architecture, art and other fields.

    5) Women in political positions.

        In year 2007, Spanish socialist government approved a Law named "Organic Law of effective equality of women and men" ruling a minimun of 40% of each gender in electoral lists. Thanks to this law the percentage of Women in National and Regional Assemblies varies in Spain usually between 40 and 50, which is higher than in Italy (between 0 and 29), close to France (44 and 51), higher than in Germany (between 24 and 40) and the United Kingdom (28 and 42), as seen in EAGLE(2019).  In local political representations in Spain, the newspaper El Mundo indicates 30% majors of cities and villages 35% local councillors.

           The question in Spanish politics is not only the percentage of women in national or regional Parliaments, but a low level of internal democracy in many political parties, and excess of Male power concentration in decision making at the top of the parties. The usual voting discipline in Parliaments, following the orders of the political leader, without internal democracy in the party, indicates a low level of democracy and gives to the majority of representatives (male of female) scarce power in decision making of their votes. Women at the top of political parties are very often chosen because they are supporters of the male leaders,

    4.3. Subjetive indexes of life satisfaction

         When asked to rate their general satisfaction with life on a scale from 0 to 10, people on average across the OECD gave it a 6.5. Life satisfaction is not evenly shared across the OECD however. Some countries – Greece, Hungary, Portugal and Turkey – have a relatively low level of overall life satisfaction, with average scores of 5.5 or less. At the other end of the scale, scores reach 7.5 in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland

         Quality of life it is very much related with employment, real wage, real production per capita, quality of labor conditions but also with female participation in economic and social life, quality of Government and other variables. Generally, the educational level of population has a positive impact on the quality of many of these factors.

           Eurostat (2019) points: "When looking at low, medium and high shares of overall life satisfaction, the differences between men and women remain low. 15.3 % of male respondents stated that they have a low level of life satisfaction, in comparison to 17.0 % of females. On the other hand, 25.6 % of males and 25.2 % of females had a high rating of life satisfaction in 2018".

         OWID(2020) presents a graph, not by gender, of life satisfaction in several countries with data from Eurobarometer(2017).

     The top positions of this group of 5 European coutnries correspond to  the United Kingdom and Germany, while France is an intermediate position between both countries and the lower values are those of Italy and Spain.

    More information, in the article 

    Guisan, M.C., Aguayo, E. (2020). Employment and Quality of Life of Women in Spain: Evolution 1970-2020 and International Comparisons, Applied Econometrics and International Development Vol. 20-2. Abstract

    Notable Spanish Women Economists: Pioneers, Doctoral Supervisors of Applied Economics and Top Researchers, 1975-2018GUISAN, Maria-Carmen Abstract

    Free downloadable 

    2020/05/16

    44. List of All Entries of this Blog: World Development of the Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies


         


    Entries of year 2023:



    Entries of year 2022:



    Entries of year 2021:



    Updates of  old Entries in year 2021:Entry 42, of year 2020, has been updated on 8th May of 2021 with the evolution of average weekly deaths by Covid19 in 8 OECD countries (United States, Mexico, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, France, Spain and Switzerland)  for year 2021 until the first week of May.

    Entries of year 2020: 41 to 44



    Entries 31 to 40, years 2018 to 2020. To access to each Entry, click on the corresponding row at this table.  

    Entries 22 to 25. Years 2013 to 2016.


    Entries 16 to 21. Years 2011 and 2012

    21. Economist Maria-Carmen Guisan in New York Times. Room for Debate: Austerity Policies are not working in Europe, 12th November of 2012.

    20. Industrial Production and economic crisis in the European Union, year 2012

    19. Economic Development, Industry and Production by Sector in American Countries, 1980-2010

    18. Impact of Trade Deficit on crisis and drop of Industrial production in the USA and 5 European major countries: France, Germany Italy, Spain and UK

    17 Crisis, Development, Voice of Good Economists in Greece, Portugal and Spain, and comparison with other OECD countries. Euro-American Association Development Report 2011.

    16. Euro-American Association of Economic Development: Comments on poverty, world development and the book by P. Collier "The poverty bottom billion"


    Entries 5 to 15. Years 2009 and 2020

    15. Employment in Social Services in OECD countries: Europe, United States and Japan. Euro-American Association Report 2010.

    14. European Universities: Reactions to abuses and misuses of bibliometrics and bureaucracy in evaluation of researchers

    13. Comments on Krugman´s views of Spanish economy: Salaries are not to blame and should not diminish. Productivity should increase.

    12. Euro-American Association on Education and Government Quality: Clerc´s story of a frog against social manipulation

    11. Report 2009: Years of Life Lost and Health Expenditure in the United States, Europe and other OECD countries. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies

    10. Report 2009: On Spain, the United States, Trade Deficits and top Current Account Balances. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies

    9. Latin America 2000-2007: The Role of Investment, Industry and Foreign Trade in economic development. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies

    8. China, India and other other Asian Countries: Articles by Nobel Prize L.R. Klein and other authors, published by the Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies, 2001-2005

    7. World Development Reports free on line 2001-2005. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies

    6. Cooperation with ICFAI Books of India and other news for readers. Euro-American Association of Economic Development Studies, 2009.

    5. Education, Quality of Government and Development in Europe, Eurasia and North America. Euro.American Association of Economic Development Studies, 2009


    Entries 1 to 4. Year 2008.